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(children\) were also given the experimental Quick Tap and Gap ) Tj
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(and B appear in Appendix B.) Tj
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176.64 0  TD (CHAPTER III) Tj
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T* ( ) Tj
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7.2 0  TD (tests, fmax, and Pearson correlations?) Tj
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(Parent permission forms \(see Appendix C\) and auditory ) Tj
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(The subjects came from five third grade classrooms and ) Tj
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7.2 0  TD (olds, 16 nine) Tj
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7.2 0  TD (year) Tj
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(parental consent form and the passing of a pure) Tj
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7.2 0  TD (tone hearing ) Tj
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158.4 0  TD (coustic and APD relationships. The ) Tj
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295.2 0  TD (ear which included ) Tj
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273.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-237.6 -27.84  TD (All children in all classrooms where the principals and ) Tj
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0 -27.84  TD (consent form to have compl) Tj
187.2 0  TD (eted and return. Children were ) Tj
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367.2 0  TD ( factors ) Tj
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280.8 0  TD (. A t) Tj
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266.4 0  TD ( 23.6 for form B. The ) Tj
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-360 -27.84  TD (with lower scores indicating better performance on the test. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (There are 24 test items for each ear. A more complete ) Tj
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352.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (7 for ) Tj
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194.4 0  TD (-) Tj
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244.8 0  TD (-) Tj
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166.56 637.44 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 636.96 0.48 0.48 re f
219.84 637.44 0.48 0.48 re f
220.32 637.44 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 636.96 0.48 0.48 re f
264.96 637.44 0.48 0.48 re f
265.44 637.44 103.2 0.48 re f
368.64 636.96 0.48 0.48 re f
368.64 637.44 0.48 0.48 re f
369.12 637.44 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 636.96 0.48 0.48 re f
454.08 637.44 0.48 0.48 re f
454.56 637.44 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 636.96 0.48 0.96 re f
539.52 637.44 0.48 0.48 re f
107.52 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
166.08 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
219.84 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
264.96 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
368.64 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
454.08 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
539.52 613.44 0.48 23.52 re f
BT
172.32 607.2  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (mSAAT) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (R) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (11.8) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.4) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (11.3) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.6) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (1.17) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
108 612.96 58.08 0.48 re f
166.08 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 612.96 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 612.96 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 612.96 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 612.48 0.48 0.48 re f
296.64 612.96 0.48 0.48 re f
297.12 612.96 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 612.96 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 612.96 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 612.48 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 574.08 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 567.84  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (mSAAT) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (11.6) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.4) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (10.0) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.9) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (1.46) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 573.6 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 573.6 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 573.6 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 573.6 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 573.6 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 573.6 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 573.12 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 534.72 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 528.48  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (SINCA) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (R) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
19.2 -11.52  TD (5.6) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (2.8) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
25.92 -11.52  TD (5.1) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (1.9) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (2.17) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 534.24 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 534.24 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 534.24 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 534.24 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 534.24 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 534.24 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 533.76 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 495.36 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 489.12  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (SINCA) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
19.2 -11.52  TD (5.7) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (2.4) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
25.92 -11.52  TD (6.4) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (2.3) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (1.09) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 494.88 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 494.88 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 494.88 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 494.88 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 494.88 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 494.88 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 494.4 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 456 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 456 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 456 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 456 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 456 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 456 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 456 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 456 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 449.76  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (mSAAT) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
1.92 -11.52  TD (Both) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
14.4 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (23.5) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (4.0) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (21.3) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (4.5) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
25.92 -11.52  TD (.79) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 455.52 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 455.52 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 455.52 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 455.52 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 455.52 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 455.52 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 455.04 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 416.64 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
114.24 607.2  TD
( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (3) Tj
7.2 5.28  TD /F1 7.2  Tf
(rd) Tj
8.64 -5.28  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-29.76 -13.92  TD (\(8) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (9 ) Tj
-28.8 -13.92  TD (years\)) Tj
43.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
0 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
T* ( ) Tj
-14.4 -13.92  TD (n=25) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
20.64 -101.76  TD ( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (SINCA) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
1.92 -11.52  TD (Both) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
14.4 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
19.2 -11.52  TD (5.6) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (2.2) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
25.92 -11.52  TD (5.8) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (1.3) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
14.88 -11.52  TD (2.86**) Tj
43.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 416.16 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 416.16 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 416.16 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 416.16 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 416.16 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 416.16 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 415.68 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 377.28 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 371.04  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (mSAAT) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (R) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (12.4) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (3.3) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (11.6) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.5) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (1.74) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
108 376.8 58.08 0.48 re f
166.08 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 376.8 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 376.8 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 376.8 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 376.8 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 376.8 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 376.8 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 376.32 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 337.92 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 331.68  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (mSAAt) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (11.8) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.5) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (12.0) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (2.9) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (1.35) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 337.44 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 337.44 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 337.44 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 337.44 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 337.44 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 337.44 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 336.96 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 298.56 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 292.32  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (SINCA) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (R) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
19.2 -11.52  TD (3.8) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (3.1) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
25.92 -11.52  TD (3.0) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (1.9) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
14.88 -11.52  TD (2.66**) Tj
43.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 298.08 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 298.08 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 298.08 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 298.08 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 298.08 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 298.08 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 297.6 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 259.2 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 252.96  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (SINCA) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
19.2 -11.52  TD (3.9) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (2.1) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.2 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
25.92 -11.52  TD (5.4) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-21.6 -13.92  TD (1.9) Tj
21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
37.92 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.08 -11.52  TD (1.22) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
ET
107.52 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
166.08 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
166.56 258.72 53.28 0.48 re f
219.84 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
220.32 258.72 44.64 0.48 re f
264.96 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
265.44 258.72 31.2 0.48 re f
296.64 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
297.12 258.72 71.52 0.48 re f
368.64 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
369.12 258.72 84.96 0.48 re f
454.08 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
454.56 258.72 84.96 0.48 re f
539.52 258.24 0.48 0.96 re f
107.52 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
166.08 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
219.84 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
264.96 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
296.64 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
368.64 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
454.08 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
539.52 219.84 0.48 38.4 re f
BT
172.32 213.6  TD
( ) Tj
2.88 -11.52  TD (mSAAT) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
1.92 -11.52  TD (Both) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
14.4 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
0 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-6.24 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (24.2) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-24.96 -13.92  TD (4.6) Tj
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16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
36 -13.92  TD (The binaural tasks \(CS and DD\) are shown in Table 4. ) Tj
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17.76 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
12 -11.52  TD (CS) Tj
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12.96 -11.52  TD (R) Tj
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24.96 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
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28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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21.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
180 0  TD (Question 2) Tj
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-216 -27.84  TD (This section compares the means and standard deviations ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (of four tests, mSAAT, CS, DD, and PP on the current MAPA ) Tj
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T* (determin) Tj
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-57.6 -27.84  TD (and to see if the ceiling effect was overcome, which was a ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (concern in the previous MAPA. The tasks that were modified ) Tj
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208.8 0  TD ( modified between the first two ) Tj
-208.8 -27.84  TD (Beta versions of the MAPA.) Tj
187.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-151.2 -27.84  TD (The scores are shown as percent means and standard ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (deviations in Table 10. The present third grader scores are ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (compared to the scores found by Domitz \(1997\) with the Beta ) Tj
T* (I version of MAPA. The pre) Tj
187.2 0  TD (sent fifth grader scores are ) Tj
-187.2 -27.84  TD (compared to the scores of Shiffman \(1999\) with the Beta II ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (version of MAPA. Part of the modification for the Beta III ) Tj
T* (MAPA included presenting PP binaurally. Thus there is only ) Tj
T* (one score for each grade to compare to the two tas) Tj
360 0  TD (ks shown ) Tj
-360 -27.84  TD (by the previous MAPA. In addition, the current scoring ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (procedure used for DD did not show significant differences ) Tj
T* (by ear, as discussed previously. Thus, the total percent ) Tj
T* (score is compared to the previous right and left ear scores. ) Tj
T* (The means and s) Tj
108 0  TD (tandard deviations for the present study, ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(while not displayed in percent format, are also shown in ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (Tables 3, 4, and 5.) Tj
136.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-136.8 -27.84  TD (Table 10. Percent means and standard deviations compared for ) Tj
0 -13.92  TD (Beta I, II, and III version of the MAPA.) Tj
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33.6 -11.52  TD (Test) Tj
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45.6 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
35.52 -11.52  TD (Third grade) Tj
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( ) Tj
48 -11.52  TD ( ) Tj
60 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
12.96 -11.52  TD (Beta I) Tj
43.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
24.48 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
9.12 -11.52  TD (present) Tj
50.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
21.6 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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-36 -13.92  TD (11.53) Tj
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-28.8 -13.92  TD (9.44) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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17.28 -11.52  TD (77.0) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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143.52 481.44 0.48 0.96 re f
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( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (PP) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
27.84 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
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417.12 403.68 0.48 38.4 re f
503.52 403.68 0.48 38.4 re f
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78.24 397.44  TD
( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (DD) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (R) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
27.84 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
8.64 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-10.08 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
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28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-25.44 -13.92  TD (7.8) Tj
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( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (DD) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
27.84 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
8.64 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
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6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-10.08 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
20.16 -11.52  TD (78.8) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-28.8 -13.92  TD (15.5) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.68 64.8  TD ( ) Tj
20.16 -11.52  TD (58.5) Tj
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-32.64 -13.92  TD (11.49) Tj
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28.8 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
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-32.64 -13.92  TD (8.80) Tj
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143.52 363.36 0.48 0.96 re f
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179.52 363.36 0.48 0.96 re f
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341.76 363.36 0.48 0.96 re f
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( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (CS) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (R) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
27.84 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
8.64 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-10.08 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
20.16 -11.52  TD (89.8) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-28.8 -13.92  TD (13.4) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.68 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
20.16 -11.52  TD (41.5) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-32.64 -13.92  TD (15.93) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
28.8 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
13.92 -11.52  TD (98.33) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
-32.64 -13.92  TD (5.77) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
29.76 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.56 -11.52  TD (45.8) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-32.16 -13.92  TD (12.68) Tj
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341.76 324 0.48 0.96 re f
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78.24 279.36  TD
( ) Tj
15.36 -11.52  TD (CS) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (L) Tj
7.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
27.84 11.52  TD ( ) Tj
8.64 -12.96  TD /F4 12  Tf
0.24  Tc (_) Tj
6.24 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
0  Tc ( ) Tj
-10.08 -13.44  TD (SD) Tj
14.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
16.8 26.4  TD ( ) Tj
20.16 -11.52  TD (68.1) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-28.8 -13.92  TD (23.5) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
31.68 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
20.16 -11.52  TD (38.1) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-28.8 -13.92  TD (15.5) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
32.16 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
13.92 -11.52  TD (99.17) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
-32.64 -13.92  TD (2.89) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
29.76 25.44  TD ( ) Tj
22.56 -11.52  TD (48.7) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-28.8 -13.92  TD (13.4) Tj
28.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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71.52 245.76 0.48 0.48 re f
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503.52 245.76 0.48 0.48 re f
503.52 245.76 0.48 0.48 re f
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72 235.2  TD
( ) Tj
36 -27.84  TD (The mean percent scores for all ) Tj
230.4 0  TD (tasks are lower in the ) Tj
-266.4 -27.84  TD (present study compared to the other versions of the MAPA for ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (both third and fifth graders. The lower scores in PP and DD ) Tj
T* (can be explained by increased difficulty of the tests \(four ) Tj
T* (series tones for PP and digit triplets for DD\). The ) Tj
374.4 0  TD (lower ) Tj
-374.4 -27.84  TD (scores in CS can be explained by the change in instructions ) Tj
ET

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q 
540 706.08 0.48 13.92 re h W n 
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540 709.44  TD
( ) Tj
ET
Q 
BT
108 683.04  TD
(which ask for both sentences to be repeated instead of one. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (The Beta III mSAAT is different from the Beta I version, ) Tj
T* (which would explain some of the changes. The Beta II mSAAT ) Tj
T* (is the same te) Tj
100.8 0  TD (st. However, the sample size for the Beta II ) Tj
-100.8 -27.84  TD (MAPA data was low and only contained 12 subjects.) Tj
352.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-316.8 -27.84  TD (The results from Table 10 indicate that the ceiling ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (effect was clearly not occurring on any of the original ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (tasks with the Beta III MAPA. The current scores, whi) Tj
381.6 0  TD (le ) Tj
-381.6 -27.84  TD (lower than the other versions, are still considered ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (reasonable for these age groups.) Tj
230.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
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0  Tw ( ) Tj
180 0  TD (CHAPTER IV) Tj
72 0  TD ( ) Tj
-252 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
0 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
T* ( ) Tj
133.44 0  TD (Summary and Conclusions) Tj
165.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-299.04 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
0 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
36 -13.92  TD (The purpose of this study was to determine 1\) if forms ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (A and B of the Beta III MAPA were equivalent and 2\) if the ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (modification) Tj
86.4 0  TD (s made to some of the tasks were sufficient to ) Tj
-86.4 -27.84  TD (overcome the ceiling effect and produce reasonable means and ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (standard deviations for the Beta III version of the MAPA.) Tj
410.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
-374.4 -27.84  TD (Means, standard deviations, Pearson correlations, and ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (t) Tj
7.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (tests were used to examine the sco) Tj
244.8 0  TD (res for the first ) Tj
-259.2 -27.84  TD (question. First, the individual scores of mSAAT, SINCA, DD, ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (CS, PP, and DP were examined. The scores as groups of ) Tj
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T* (composite score were also examined for the entire test.) Tj
396 0  TD ( ) Tj
-360 -27.84  TD (When looked at ) Tj
108 0  TD (individually, the two forms for the ) Tj
-144 -27.84  TD (individual ear monaural tasks mSAAT and SINCA do not ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (correlate in a significant manner. However, when the ears ) Tj
T* (are combined, the forms are more strongly related and ) Tj
T* (statistically significant \(.37 to .40\). The results of ) Tj
396 0  TD (the ) Tj
-396 -27.84  TD (paired t) Tj
57.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (tests show that the mean differences on form A and ) Tj
-64.8 -27.84  TD (B scores are not significant, either when looked at by ear ) Tj
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540 709.44  TD
( ) Tj
ET
Q 
BT
108 683.04  TD
(or when combined. As combined monaural tasks, the msAAT and ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (the SINCA show a correlation of .46, which is moderate in ) Tj
T* (magnitude, but ) Tj
108 0  TD (statistically significant. Thus, these forms ) Tj
-108 -27.84  TD (are passably acceptable to use as equivalent forms. However, ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (to improve the correlations, the SINCA task will be modified ) Tj
T* (and studied through future research. This future research ) Tj
T* (will determine final form equiv) Tj
223.2 0  TD (alency in the monaural tasks.) Tj
208.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-396 -27.84  TD (The binaural tasks, CS and DD, show correlations ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (between .69) Tj
79.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (.78 for forms A and B. This shows an acceptable ) Tj
-86.4 -27.84  TD (relationship between forms for both tasks. The paired t) Tj
396 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (test ) Tj
-403.2 -27.84  TD (showed significant mean differences between the scores o) Tj
403.2 0  TD (n DD ) Tj
-403.2 -27.84  TD (for form A and B. However, these differences seem to be ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (attributable to learning that occurs on this task. As ) Tj
T* (combined binaural tasks the correlation between forms is ) Tj
T* (.81. This shows that on binaural tasks, the forms are highly ) Tj
T* (related and exhibit goo) Tj
165.6 0  TD (d equivalency. The t) Tj
144 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (test for the ) Tj
-316.8 -27.84  TD (combined binaural tasks shows a significant difference in ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (means, but this is again probably due to the learning on DD ) Tj
T* (as described.) Tj
93.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-57.6 -27.84  TD (The temporal tasks, PP and DP, show the highest ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (correlations between forms at .89 and .85) Tj
295.2 0  TD ( respectively. This ) Tj
-295.2 -27.84  TD (shows a strong relationship and good equivalency between ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (forms. The DP does show a difference between mean scores ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(that is significant at the .01 level \(p=0.002\). The reason ) Tj
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187.2 0  TD (sk, it was necessary to score ) Tj
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14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (9 year) Tj
43.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (olds\) in order to establish tentative norms. ) Tj
-72 -27.84  TD (Reversed items on the DP tasks were not scored as correct.) Tj
417.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-381.6 -27.84  TD (A combined temporal task score was found using the P) Tj
374.4 0  TD (P ) Tj
-410.4 -27.84  TD (and the experimental task, Quick Tap, as suggested by a ) Tj
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165.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
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57.6 0  TD (ndings show that correlation between forms is ) Tj
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338.4 0  TD (asks show the ) Tj
-338.4 -27.84  TD (lowest level of significant correlations between forms. ) Tj
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180 0  TD (APPENDIX A) Tj
72 0  TD ( ) Tj
-252 -27.84  TD ( ) Tj
0 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
155.04 0  TD (Literature Review) Tj
122.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
-277.44 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
0 -13.92  TD ( ) Tj
36 -13.92  TD (In recent years, many have promoted the necessity of ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (having good screening tools and diagnostic measures for APD. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (In order ) Tj
64.8 0  TD (to achieve this, the instruments used to screen and ) Tj
-64.8 -27.84  TD (diagnose APD should have good validity and reliability. The ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (work Schow and Domitz \(2000\) did on the original MAPA, with ) Tj
T* (factor analysis results on four behavioral tests, showed ) Tj
T* (that the MAPA yields a reas) Tj
194.4 0  TD (onable three or four factor ) Tj
-194.4 -27.84  TD (structure for measuring APDs. With the two forms of the Beta ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (III MAPA, it is important to re) Tj
223.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (establish the validity and ) Tj
-230.4 -27.84  TD (reliability. Cacace and McFarland \(1995\) encouraged ) Tj
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28.8 0  TD (ability and to change factors that have resulted in poor ) Tj
-28.8 -27.84  TD (reliability in past APD tests. This chapter will include a ) Tj
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T* (changes made to the Be) Tj
158.4 0  TD (ta III MAPA. Finally, it will discuss ) Tj
-158.4 -27.84  TD (other tests and protocols currently being used or ) Tj
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( ) Tj
-79.2 -27.84  TD (Equivalent or alternate forms of tests are used for two ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (main purposes. One purpose is to show test reliability. ) Tj
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180 0  TD ( equivalence and reliability when ) Tj
-180 -27.84  TD (the two forms show similar mean performance by the group of ) Tj
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-374.4 -27.84  TD (coefficient of the test\224 \(p. 111\). Anastasi \(1982\) also ) Tj
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237.6 0  TD (-) Tj
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-244.8 -27.84  TD (time interval, information on specific test items will not ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Beta III MAPA, the two forms can be useful to measure the ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (progress in the treatment of APDs.) Tj
244.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-208.8 -27.84  TD (\223Ideally, alternate forms of a test are interchangeable ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (in use\224 \(American Psychological Association, 1985, p) Tj
374.4 0  TD (. 31\). ) Tj
-374.4 -27.84  TD (In this situation, it would not matter whether form A or B ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (is used. In its final form, the alternate forms of the MAPA ) Tj
T* (should be able to be used interchangeably. ) Tj
309.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-309.6 -27.84  TD /F0 12  Tf
(Factor analysis) Tj
108 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-72 -27.84  TD (Factor analysis is another tool that can be used to ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (help define precis) Tj
129.6 0  TD (e areas within APD. According to Schow and ) Tj
-129.6 -27.84  TD (Chermak \(1999\), \223In addition to testing models of central ) Tj
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280.8 0  TD (which we can group ) Tj
-280.8 -27.84  TD (the underlying deficits that purportedly comprise CAPD\224 \(p. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (141\).) Tj
36 0  TD ( ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (In an attempt to provide a reliable screening tool with ) Tj
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-64.8 -27.84  TD (following Musiek & Chermak\222s 1994 suggestions. The test ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (battery was named the Multiple Auditory Processing ) Tj
ET

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( ) Tj
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(Assessment \(MAPA\) and included the following: monaural ) Tj
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367.2 0  TD (tterns ) Tj
-367.2 -27.84  TD (\(PP\), Dichotic Digits \(DD\), and Competing Sentences \(CS\). ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (Factor analysis on the four tests showed that they loaded ) Tj
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T* (The mSAAT scores loaded into one factor which they called ) Tj
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-100.8 -27.84  TD (another factor which was called auditory pattern/temporal ) Tj
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-273.6 -27.84  TD (and Schow determined that three of the most common and ) Tj
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417.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
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0 -27.84  TD (categories but not represented in the MAPA. Nevertheless, ) Tj
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( ) Tj
-57.6 -27.84  TD (While much work has been done on the MAPA, McFarland ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(and Cacace \(2002\) stated concerns with the MAPA that they ) Tj
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295.2 0  TD (of CAP as suggested ) Tj
-295.2 -27.84  TD (by the factor analysis. They mentioned the research done by ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (Domitz and Schow \(2000\), on the factors shown in the SCAN as ) Tj
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396 0  TD (one ) Tj
-396 -27.84  TD (factor reported by Amos and Humes \(1998\). Schow et al. ) Tj
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151.2 0  TD (many areas as possible that are ) Tj
-151.2 -27.84  TD (described in the 1996 ASHA document. Schow et al. mentioned ) Tj
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352.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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7.2 0  TD (only tasks on the MAPA. They felt that this limited ) Tj
-64.8 -27.84  TD (the ability to distinguish auditory) Tj
252 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (specific effects from ) Tj
-259.2 -27.84  TD (more general aspects, such as cognition. They felt that if ) Tj
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194.4 0  TD ( predict performance on other ) Tj
-194.4 -27.84  TD (sensory tasks. In an earlier article Cacace and McFarland ) Tj
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(\(1998\) stated that \223the primary deficit with CAPD should be ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (manifested in tasks requiring the processing of acoustic ) Tj
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367.2 0  TD (r types ) Tj
-367.2 -27.84  TD (of information are processed in other sensory modalities\224 ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (\(p. 356\). Schow et al. pointed out that they were cautious ) Tj
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T* (senses, such as vision. However, they invited further ) Tj
T* (research to be don) Tj
129.6 0  TD (e in this area.) Tj
108 0  TD ( ) Tj
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115.2 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-79.2 -27.84  TD (The Beta III MAPA contains four tests from the original ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (MAPA. The four tests are the mSAAT, a monaural task, DD and ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (CS, binaural tasks, and PP, a temporal task. The final ) Tj
T* (version of the MAPA will eventually contain at leas) Tj
367.2 0  TD (t two ) Tj
-367.2 -27.84  TD (tasks in each of the monaural, binaural, and temporal areas. ) Tj
439.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-403.2 -27.84  TD (The Selective Auditory Attention Task \(SAAT\) was a ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (binaural test developed by Cherry in 1980. The test requires ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (the individual to listen for the primary stimuli \(words ) Tj
T* (selected from the Wo) Tj
144 0  TD (rd Intelligibility by Picture ) Tj
-144 -27.84  TD (Identification or WIPI list\) which are embedded in competing ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (background noise. The earlier MAPA and the Beta III MAPA use ) Tj
T* (a monaural version of this test with both the stimulus and ) Tj
T* (the competing noise going to the same ear. Th) Tj
324 0  TD (us, in these ) Tj
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(test batteries, the test is referred to as mSAAT. The mSAAT ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (contains 25 items per ear. The test time, including ) Tj
T* (instructions, is approximately three minutes for each ear ) Tj
T* (for a total of six minutes.) Tj
194.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
-158.4 -27.84  TD (The Pitch Pattern test \(PP\) introduced by Pi) Tj
316.8 0  TD (nhiero in ) Tj
-352.8 -27.84  TD (1977, randomly introduces high and low pitch qualities in a ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (three) Tj
36 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (tone series which must be identified. Willeford and ) Tj
-43.2 -27.84  TD (Burleigh \(1985\) reported that the test allowed multiple ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (response modes. The subjects could verbalize, hum, sing, or ) Tj
T* (manually poi) Tj
86.4 0  TD (nt \(high or low\) to make their responses. The ) Tj
-86.4 -27.84  TD (current protocol also allows this multiple response mode. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (This is not stated explicitly in the instructions recorded ) Tj
T* (on the CD as modeling different response modes might only ) Tj
T* (confuse some of the children. Inste) Tj
252 0  TD (ad, the instructions were ) Tj
-252 -27.84  TD (kept simple and all kinds of responses were allowed. It was ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (found that some of the children would naturally sing their ) Tj
T* (answers. Later testing can explore humming or singing if ) Tj
T* (necessary. The changes in the PP task for the Beta III) Tj
388.8 0  TD ( MAPA ) Tj
-388.8 -27.84  TD (will be discussed in the next section.) Tj
273.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-237.6 -27.84  TD (The Dichotic Digits test \(DD\) introduced by Musiek in ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (1983, presents four numbers simultaneously to the listener, ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (two in each ear. The subject is required to repeat all four ) Tj
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(numbers aloud in a free recall manner) Tj
266.4 0  TD (. The order the numbers ) Tj
-266.4 -27.84  TD (were repeated was not taken into account when scoring DD. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (The Beta III MAPA has presentation changes as well as a ) Tj
T* (revised scoring procedure for DD. These changes will be ) Tj
T* (discussed in the next section. ) Tj
223.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-187.2 -27.84  TD (The Willeford Competing Senten) Tj
216 0  TD (ces test \(CS\) presents ) Tj
-252 -27.84  TD (two sentences, one to the right ear and one to the left ear, ) Tj
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T* (ear sentence as directed while ignoring the opposing ear. ) Tj
T* (There have been instruction changes in the Beta III MAP) Tj
396 0  TD (A for ) Tj
-396 -27.84  TD (the CS task that will be discussed in the following section.) Tj
432 0  TD ( ) Tj
-432 -27.84  TD /F0 12  Tf
(Changes to the MAPA) Tj
136.8 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-100.8 -27.84  TD (The revised version of the MAPA \(Beta III MAPA\) has ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (been developed and recorded on compact disc \(CD\) by Auditec ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (of St. Louis. The revised MAPA includes test information) Tj
403.2 0  TD ( for ) Tj
-403.2 -27.84  TD (a form A and form B version of the test. As mentioned, the ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (current MAPA has the same tests as the earlier version. Some ) Tj
T* (changes have been made to make the tasks more difficult in ) Tj
T* (order to avoid the ceiling effect that was occurring with ) Tj
T* (the MAPA and o) Tj
100.8 0  TD (ther APD tests. For example, Neijenhuis, ) Tj
-100.8 -27.84  TD (Stollman, Snik, and Broek \(2001\) reported on a battery of ) Tj
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(also found the ceiling effect was occurring on these tests, ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (depending on the age of the subjects.) Tj
266.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
-230.4 -27.84  TD (There are variations on three of the Beta III MAPA ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (tasks. One variation is on the CS task. In his early work on ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (competing sentences, Willeford \(1978\) mentioned the ) Tj
T* (possibility of testing the patients\222 ability to repeat both ) Tj
T* (sentences. He said that in this ) Tj
230.4 0  TD (case, both sentences should ) Tj
-230.4 -27.84  TD (be presented at the same testing level of 50 dB HL. He ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (reported that normal adult subjects should be able to do ) Tj
T* (this task easily. The Beta III MAPA, following this advice, ) Tj
T* (required the subjects to listen to the two sentences ) Tj
T* (pre) Tj
21.6 0  TD (sented simultaneously in the left and right ears and ) Tj
-21.6 -27.84  TD (repeat both sentences. They were directed to repeat either ) Tj
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T* (communication, March 5, 2003\). In the Beta III MAPA, which ) Tj
T* (included 15 sentences for each ear) Tj
244.8 0  TD (, the instruction and test ) Tj
-244.8 -27.84  TD (time was approximately three minutes for each ear for a ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (total of six minutes.) Tj
151.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-115.2 -27.84  TD (The dichotic digits task has been modified to present ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (number triplets in each ear instead of two numbers. The ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (subjects were directed to repeat items f) Tj
288 0  TD (rom the right ear ) Tj
-288 -27.84  TD (first for ten items and from the left ear first for the ) Tj
ET

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( ) Tj
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(other ten items as recommended by Moncrieff and Musiek ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (\(2002\). They recommended the directed response mode because ) Tj
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T* (informati) Tj
64.8 0  TD (on about laterality. This will be discussed in more ) Tj
-64.8 -27.84  TD (detail in the section containing results from other test ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (batteries. Scoring for DD was done in two ways in the ) Tj
T* (current research. The first way was a total score for all ) Tj
T* (correct numbers in a free recall si) Tj
252 0  TD (tuation. The other way ) Tj
-252 -27.84  TD (provided a score for the right and left ear items repeated ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (first as directed. Thus, the order that the subjects ) Tj
T* (repeated the numbers was taken into consideration in the ) Tj
T* (alternate scoring procedure. In the Beta III MAPA, this task ) Tj
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21.6 0  TD (k approximately four minutes.) Tj
208.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-194.4 -27.84  TD (The final task variation was with the PP task. The main ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (difference was that four tones of high and low pitches ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (intermixed were presented instead of three tones to make the ) Tj
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-381.6 -27.84  TD (PP allowed exact reversals, such as high) Tj
288 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (low) Tj
21.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (high in the ) Tj
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86.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (high) Tj
28.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (low to be scored as correct. The scoring ) Tj
-129.6 -27.84  TD (of the PP task was initially changed to avoid the ceiling ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (effect. In this change, reversals of the tones were not ) Tj
T* (scored as correct in) Tj
144 0  TD ( the Beta III MAPA. Later, when ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(examining the results, it was found that the scores for the ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (younger children were very low. The scoring was modified to ) Tj
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T* (least for the 8) Tj
108 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (9 year olds. Currently, reversa) Tj
223.2 0  TD (ls will be ) Tj
-338.4 -27.84  TD (scored as correct, at least for the younger children. The ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (final PP change is that there are now twenty total PP tasks ) Tj
T* (given binaurally instead of the thirty items used previously ) Tj
T* (for each ear. Statistical analysis was done on the data ) Tj
T* (gathered b) Tj
72 0  TD (y Domitz and Schow \(1997\) with regard to the ) Tj
-72 -27.84  TD (number of pitch pattern items needed. The analysis showed ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (that each item in the list was equivalent to any other item ) Tj
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T* (tasks was .92. The correlation betw) Tj
252 0  TD (een 20 and 30 tasks was ) Tj
-252 -27.84  TD (.96. Thus, the results showed that twenty items were ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (sufficient to provide a reasonably valid score. The test and ) Tj
T* (instruction time for this task on the Beta III MAPA was ) Tj
T* (approximately four minutes.) Tj
194.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
-194.4 -27.84  TD /F0 12  Tf
(Experimental tests) Tj
129.6 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-93.6 -27.84  TD (There were fou) Tj
100.8 0  TD (r experimental tests recorded on the CD ) Tj
-136.8 -27.84  TD (of the Beta III MAPA that were examined in detail by a ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (companion study. Two of these tests, the Speech in Noise for ) Tj
T* (Children and Adults \(SINCA\) and duration patterns \(DP\) have ) Tj
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(a form A and B. Thus, their means, stand) Tj
288 0  TD (ard deviations, and ) Tj
-288 -27.84  TD (correlations were examined in this study. A description of ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (these tests follows.) Tj
144 0  TD ( ) Tj
-108 -27.84  TD (The SINCA is a monaural task given to the right and ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (left ears. There are 24 total words to be repeated, which ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (includes the first four words that were eventu) Tj
331.2 0  TD (ally found to ) Tj
-331.2 -27.84  TD (be better when not scored, but used as practice items. There ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (is a four) Tj
64.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (speaker babble in the background that gets ) Tj
-72 -27.84  TD (progressively louder by 4 dB after each set of four words. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (Thus, the practice words are at +20 dB compared to the four ) Tj
T* (speaker b) Tj
64.8 0  TD (abble. For the last four words at the end of the ) Tj
-64.8 -27.84  TD (task, the babble and signal words are at the same level. ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (Scoring was completed by taking the total number right out ) Tj
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T* (number from 18 to get the signal) Tj
230.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (to) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (noise ratio \(SNR\). ) Tj
136.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
-360 -27.84  TD (A variation of this strategy was used in the QuickSIN, ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (a speech) Tj
57.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (in) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (noise test developed by Etymotic Research. In ) Tj
-86.4 -27.84  TD (the QuickSIN, the SNR loss is found, which compares the ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (subjects\222 performance in noise to individuals with normal ) Tj
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36 0  TD (ng. People with normal hearing require a +2 dB signal) Tj
381.6 0  TD (-) Tj
-417.6 -27.84  TD (to) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (noise ratio to correctly identify 50% of the key words in ) Tj
-21.6 -27.84  TD (the QuickSIN sentences \(QuickSIN test manual\). The SINCA was ) Tj
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(looking for a SNR score, thus the 2 dB was subtracted from ) Tj
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151.2 0  TD (, resulting in the number 18 which was ) Tj
-151.2 -27.84  TD (used to find the SNR. In the Beta III MAPA, it took ) Tj
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136.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (and) Tj
21.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (a) Tj
7.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (half minutes to test both ears.) Tj
223.2 0  TD ( ) Tj
-374.4 -27.84  TD (The DP task is very similar to the PP task in format. ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (Each item included a series of four tones that varied) Tj
381.6 0  TD ( in ) Tj
-381.6 -27.84  TD (their presentation lengths \(short or long\). There were ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (twenty total items presented binaurally. The subjects were ) Tj
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T* (were not scored as correct for any age group. For the Beta ) Tj
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129.6 0  TD (k took approximately four) Tj
180 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (and) Tj
21.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (a) Tj
7.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (half ) Tj
-360 -27.84  TD (minutes.) Tj
57.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-57.6 -27.84  TD /F0 12  Tf
(Other test batteries) Tj
144 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-108 -27.84  TD (Neijenhuis, Stollman, Snik, and Broek \(2001\) ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (administered a battery of seven auditory tests to 28 adults ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (with normal hearing. Their purpose was to find tests ) Tj
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216 0  TD (uld also be modified for ) Tj
-216 -27.84  TD (testing older children. The battery included words in noise, ) Tj
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28.8 0  TD (e numbers to each ear. The subjects were not directed to ) Tj
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(repeat a certain ear first, rather they were allowed free ) Tj
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-180 -27.84  TD (addition to the behavioral tests, a 30) Tj
273.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (item questionnaire on ) Tj
-280.8 -27.84  TD (everyday listening situations was administered. The subjects ) Tj
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144 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (point scale.) Tj
86.4 0  TD ( ) Tj
-201.6 -27.84  TD (The result) Tj
72 0  TD (s showed that the ceiling effect was ) Tj
-108 -27.84  TD (occurring on the frequency and duration pattern tests with ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (their adult subjects. The median scores were 98% for ) Tj
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352.8 5.28  TD /F1 7.2  Tf
(th) Tj
8.64 -5.28  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-361.44 -27.84  TD (percentile showed 89% for frequency and 90% for duratio) Tj
396 0  TD (n. ) Tj
-396 -27.84  TD (The dichotic digits task showed that scores were higher in ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (the right ear than in the left ear. The median scores for ) Tj
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122.4 0  TD (t showed differences between ears.) Tj
244.8 0  TD ( ) Tj
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352.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (12\) on ) Tj
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(dichotic digits and pattern tests since this is a similar ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (age to the subject in this study. The dichotic digits were ) Tj
T* (presented as number triplets to each ear in a free recall ) Tj
T* (condition. The pattern tests included both pitch and ) Tj
T* (duration. However, in) Tj
151.2 0  TD ( this study, series of three tones ) Tj
-151.2 -27.84  TD (instead of four were used. The dichotic digits showed a mean ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (percent score between 60) Tj
172.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (70% for this age group. When the ) Tj
-180 -27.84  TD (task was scored looking at the individual ear performance, ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (the right ear scores were significantly bet) Tj
309.6 0  TD (ter than the left ) Tj
-309.6 -27.84  TD (ear \(p<0.001\). The percent mean difference was 10% between ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (ears. The mean percent score for the pitch or frequency ) Tj
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194.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (90%. For the duration patterns ) Tj
-201.6 -27.84  TD (test, the mean percent score was slightly lower in the 70) Tj
410.4 0  TD (-) Tj
-410.4 -27.84  TD (80% ra) Tj
43.2 0  TD (nge. The ceiling effect was present in this 9) Tj
324 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (12 age ) Tj
-374.4 -27.84  TD (group, especially in the frequency pattern test.) Tj
345.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-309.6 -27.84  TD (Moncrieff and Musiek \(2002\) administered three dichotic ) Tj
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7.2 0  TD (year) Tj
28.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (old children based on reports \223t) Tj
230.4 0  TD (hat children with ) Tj
-288 -27.84  TD (dyslexia, a language disorder that leads to reading ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(conditions \() Tj
86.4 0  TD (right or left ear first\) were used. \223The ) Tj
-86.4 -27.84  TD (directed response format was used in this study to explore ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (the effects of attentional bias in the free recall ) Tj
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331.2 0  TD (rd tasks ) Tj
-331.2 -27.84  TD (\(Moncrieff & Musiek, 2002, p. 433\).) Tj
252 0  TD ( ) Tj
-216 -27.84  TD (The overall results showed that the control subjects ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (performed better than the children with dyslexia. In the ) Tj
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360 0  TD (roups of ) Tj
-360 -27.84  TD (children\) or between normal and dyslexic children. In the ) Tj
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172.8 0  TD (howed a significant ear difference ) Tj
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352.8 0  TD (-) Tj
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28.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (old ) Tj
-396 -27.84  TD (children as scores in both groups of children) Tj
324 0  TD ( were at or ) Tj
-324 -27.84  TD (near the maximum performance level. Among their suggestions ) Tj
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(or three items so that the stimulus interval would be ) Tj
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129.6 0  TD (istener \(2002\).) Tj
108 0  TD ( ) Tj
-201.6 -27.84  TD (Moncrieff and Musiek \(2002\) suggested that using a ) Tj
-36 -27.84  TD (directed response mode to control for attentional strategies ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (produced results that may be \223more reflective of hemispheric ) Tj
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50.4 0  TD (ile this directed response mode would sacrifice ) Tj
-50.4 -27.84  TD (information about attentional strategies used by the ) Tj
0 -27.84  TD (listener, it would provide \223more reliable laterality ) Tj
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T* (areas for testing in order to diagnose ch) Tj
295.2 0  TD (ildren with APD. ) Tj
-295.2 -27.84  TD (With this in mind, Moncrieff and Musiek state that \223test ) Tj
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T* (\(p.436\).) Tj
57.6 0  TD ( ) Tj
-57.6 -27.84  TD /F0 12  Tf
(SCAN) Tj
28.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (C development) Tj
93.6 0  TD /F1 12  Tf
( ) Tj
-93.6 -27.84  TD (The SCAN, a test for auditory processing) Tj
288 0  TD ( disorders, was ) Tj
-324 -27.84  TD (developed by Robert Keith to test children ages 3) Tj
352.8 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (11. It was ) Tj
-360 -27.84  TD (originally published in 1986. The SCAN) Tj
273.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (C is a revision of ) Tj
-280.8 -27.84  TD (this test. For the SCAN) Tj
165.6 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (C, Keith modified his competing word ) Tj
-172.8 -27.84  TD (task based on an item) Tj
151.2 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (by) Tj
14.4 0  TD (-) Tj
7.2 0  TD (item analysis, added a competing ) Tj
-180 -27.84  TD (se) Tj
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